Lihat sumber bagi APL

{{Infobox programming language
|name = APL
|logo = 
|paradigm = [[Pengaturcaraan tatasusunan|Tatasusunan]], [[Pengaturcaraan fungsian|fungsian]], [[Pengaturcaraan berstruktur|berstruktur]], [[Pengaturcaraan bermodul|bermodul]]
|year = [[1964]]
|designer = [[Kenneth E. Iverson]]
|developer = [[Kenneth E. Iverson]]
|latest release version = 
|latest release date = 
|typing = [[Penjenisan dinamik|Dinamik]]
|implementations = IBM APL2, Dyalog APL, APL2000, Sharp APL
|dialects = [[A+ (bahasa pengaturcaraan)|A+]]
|influenced_by = [[Notasi matematik]]
|influenced = [[Bahasa pengaturcaraan J|J]], [[Bahasa pengaturcaraan K|K]], [[Nial]]
}}

'''APL''' ([[bahasa Inggeris]]: '''A P'''''rogramming'' '''L'''''anguage'') <!-- Never: *Array* Programming Language - see talk page for reasons -->ialah sebuah [[bahasa pengaturcaraan]] [[tatasusunan]] berasaskan [[notasi]] yang direka oleh [[Kenneth E. Iverson]] pada tahun [[1957]] ketika berada di [[Universiti Harvard]]. Ia bermula sebagai suatu percubaan untuk memberikan notasi yang tekal bagi mengajar dan menganalisis topik-topik yang berkait dengan [[Perisian aplikasi|aplikasi komputer]]. Notasi ini kemudiannya dipergunakan untuk menghuraikan [[seni bina mesin]] [[Sistem/360 IBM|Sistem/360]] [[IBM]], huraian yang jauh lebih ringkas dan tepat, berbanding dengan dokumentasi ketika itui dan mendedahkan sebilangan masalah yang tidak disedari sebelum ini. Kemudian, bebola taip [[Mesin taip IBM Selectric|Selectric]] direka khusus untuk menulis notasi dalam gambaran mendatar. Pada tahun [[1964]], sebuah subset notasi dipergunakan sebagai sebuah [[bahasa pengaturcaraan]].

Pada tahun [[1962]], Iverson menerbitkan notasinya dalam sebuah buku yang berjudul ''A Programming Language'', dengan APL dinamai sempena judul buku itu. Bagaimanapun sejak dari awal lagi, APL banyak berbeza daripada notasi yang dihuraikan oleh Iverson dalam bukunya. Pada tahun [[1979]], Iverson menerima [[Anugerah Turing]] untuk hasil kerjanya.

Sebagaimana dengan semua bahasa pengaturcaraan yang telah digunakan selama beberapa dekad, APL telah berkembang dan berubah dengan ketara. Walaupun demikian, ia umumnya mengekalkan keserasian dengan versi-versinya yang lebih awal serta juga umumnya mempunyai ciri-ciri [[Atur cara tafsir|penafsiran]] dan [[Atur cara interaktif|saling tindak]], ciri-ciri yang dihargai oleh penggunanya. Tambahan lagi, kekurangan dukungannya pada peringkat awal terhadap [[pengaturcaraan berstruktur]] telah dibetulkan dalam kebanyakan pelaksanaan APL moden.

Salah satu aspek APL yang banyak dikritik (dan diraikan) ialah penggunaan set aksara khas yang menunjukkan operasi-operasi yang dilaksanakan secara visual. Aksara-aksara ini telah digabungkan ke dalam [[Unikod]], dan dimasukkan melalui pemetaan [[papan kekunci]] atau [[Editor Kaedah Input]].

Iverson kemudian mengerjakan APL semula menjadi sebuah bahasa yang dikenali sebagai [[bahasa pengaturcaraan J|J]]. Bahasa pengaturcaraan J bukan sahaja meningkatkan kuasa gambaran secara ketara, tetapi juga menggunakan [[ASCII]] tulen (dengan [[Dwigraf (perkomputeran)|dwigraf]]) sebagai ganti untuk set aksara khasnya yang dikritik.
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==Overview==
Over a very wide set of problem domains (math, science, engineering, computer design, robotics, data visualization, actuarial science, traditional DP, etc.) APL is an extremely powerful, expressive and concise programming language, typically set in an interactive environment.  It was originally created, among other things, as a way to describe computers, by expressing [[mathematical notation]] in a rigorous way that could be interpreted by a computer.  It is easy to learn but some APL programs can take some time to understand, especially for a newcomer.

Unlike traditionally structured programming languages, code in APL is typically structured as chains of [[unary operation|monadic]] or [[binary operation|dyadic]] [[function (programming)|functions]] and [[operator]]s acting on [[array]]s.  As APL has many nonstandard ''primitives'' (functions and operators, indicated by a single symbol or a combination of a few symbols), it does not have function or [[operator precedence]].  Early APL implementations did not have [[control flow|control structures]] (do or while loops, if-then-else), but by using array operations, usage of [[structured programming]] constructs was just not necessary.  For example, the iota function (which yields a one-dimensional array, or [[vector]], from 1 to N) can replace for-loop [[iteration]].  More recent implementations of APL generally include comprehensive control structures, thus data structure and program control flow can be clearly and cleanly separated.

The APL environment is called a ''workspace''. In a workspace the user can define programs and data, i.e. the data values exist also outside the programs, and the user can manipulate the data without the necessity to define a program.  For example,

:<math>N \leftarrow  4\ 5\ 6\ 7</math>

assigns the [[coordinate vector|vector]] values  4 5 6 7 to N;

:<math>N+4\,\!</math>

adds 4 to all values (giving 8  9 10 11) and prints them (the absence of the assignment arrow <math>\leftarrow </math> means "show");

:<math>+/N\,\!</math>

prints the sum of N, i.e. 22.

The user can save the workspace with all values, programs and execution status.

APL is well-known for its use of a set of non-[[ASCII]] symbols that are an extension of traditional arithmetic and algebraic notation.  These cryptic symbols, mostly the reason it is possible to formulate extremely terse and compact problem formulations in APL, make it possible to write [[Conway's Game of Life]] in one line of code ([http://catpad.net/michael/apl example]).  In nearly all versions of APL, it is theoretically possible to express any computable function in one expression, that is, in one line of code.

Because of its condensed nature and non-standard characters, APL has sometimes been termed a "[[write-only language]]", and reading an APL program can at first feel like decoding [[Egyptian hieroglyphics]].  Because of the unusual [[character set]], many programmers use special [[computer keyboard|keyboards]] with APL keytops for authoring  APL code.  Although there are various ways to write APL code using only ASCII characters, in practice, it is almost never done. (This may be thought to support Iverson’s theses about notation as a tool of thought.) Most if not all modern implementations use standard keyboard layouts, with special mappings or [[Input Method Editor]]s to access non-ASCII characters.  Historically, the APL font has been distinctive, with uppercase italic alphabetic characters and upright numerals and symbols.  Most vendors continue to display the APL character set in a custom font.

Advocates of APL claim that the examples of "write-only" code are almost invariably examples of poor programming practice or novice mistakes, which can occur in any language.  Advocates of APL also claim that they are far more productive with APL than with more conventional computer languages, and that working software can be implemented in far less time and with far fewer programmers than using other technology.  Also, being compact and terse, APL lends itself well to larger scale software development as complexity arising from a large number of lines of code can be dramatically reduced.  APL is often found where time-to-market is important, such as with trading systems.

Mostly due to its [[infix notation]] and its emphasis on interaction with the computer, APL can be an ideal environment for the rapid deployment of interactive [[Domain Specific Language]]s.  Despite the presence of non-standard characters in the APL character set, it is possible for a user of a domain-specific language implemented in APL to write simple programs (or scripts) consisting solely of words, numbers, and familiar punctuation.  Until as late as the mid-1980s, APL [[time-sharing|timesharing]] vendors offered applications delivered in the form of domain specific languages.  On the [[I. P. Sharp Associates|I. P. Sharp]] timesharing system, a workspace called ''39 MAGIC'' offered access to financial and airline data plus sophisticated (for the time) graphing and reporting, in the form of a domain specific language.  Another example would be the GRAPHPAK workspace supplied with IBM's APL2, a demonstration version of both APL2 and GRAPHPAK can be downloaded for Windows.

Arguably, APL was designed with computer interaction, education, and mathematics in mind (not necessarily in that order).  Further, APL was designed to empower a user, a casual, non-professional programmer, perhaps an economist, actuary, or engineer, to get results from a computer.  In a sense, it was the opposite of the stated purpose of [[Tom Lehrer]]'s song "New Math", where the idea is both to get the right answer and to understanding what you are doing.

Iverson later designed a successor to APL called [[J programming language|J]] which uses ASCII with [[digraph (computing)|digraphs]] instead of special symbols.  Few other programming languages offer the comprehensive array functionality of APL.  [[A+ (programming language)|A+]] is an open source [[programming language]] with many features similar if not identical to APL.  The [[K (programming language)|K]] and Q languages from Kx Systems also offer a similar language philosophy.  However, the roots of the A+, J, K, and Q languages all stem from APL.

==Examples==
The following expression [[sorting|sorts]] a word list stored in matrix X according to word length:

[[Image:APL Example 1.gif]]

The following function "life", written in Dyalog APL, takes a boolean matrix and calculates the new generation according to [[Conway's Game of Life]]:

[[Image:LifeInApl.gif]]

In the following example, also Dyalog, the first line assigns some HTML code to a variable "txt" and then uses an APL expression to remove all the HTML tags, returning the text only as shown in the last line.

[[Image:StripHtmlFromText.gif]]

The following expression finds all [[prime number]]s from 1 to R (presuming an [[index origin]] of 1).  In both time and space, the calculation is O(R<sup>2</sup>).

:(∼R∈R∘.×R)/R←1↓⍳R

From right to left, this means:

#⍳R creates a vector containing [[integer]]s from 1 to R (if R = 6 at the beginning of the program, ⍳R is 1 2 3 4 5 6)
#Drop first element of this vector (↓ function), i.e. 1. So 1↓⍳R is 2 3 4 5 6
#Set R to the vector (←, assignment primitive)
#Generate outer product of R multiplied by R, i.e. a matrix which is the ''[[multiplication table]]'' of R by R (∘.× function)
#Build a vector the same length as R with 1 in each place where the corresponding number in R is in the outer product matrix (∈, set inclusion function), i.e. 0 0 1 0 1
#Logically negate the values in the vector (change zeros to ones and ones to zeros) (∼, negation function), i.e. 1 1 0 1 0
#Select the items in R for which the corresponding element is 1 (/ function), i.e. 2 3 5

==Calculation==
APL was unique in the speed with which it could perform complex matrix operations.  For example, a very large matrix multiplication would take only a few seconds on a machine which was much less powerful than those today.  There were some technical and other economic reasons for this advantage:
*  Commercial interpreters delivered highly-tuned linear algebra library routines.
*  Very low interpretive overhead was incurred per-array—not per-element.
*  APL response time compared favorably to the runtimes of early optimizing compilers.
*  IBM provided [[microcode]] assist for APL on a number of IBM/370 mainframes.

A widely cited paper "The APL Machine" perpetuated the myth that APL made pervasive use of [[lazy evaluation]] where calculations would not actually be performed until the results were needed and then only those calculations strictly required.  Although this technique was used by just a few implementations, it embodies the language's best survival mechanism: not specifying the order of scalar operations.  Even as eventually standardized by X3J10, APL is so highly [[data parallelism|data-parallel]], it gives language implementors immense freedom to schedule operations as efficiently as possible.  As computer innovations such as [[cache memory]], and [[SIMD]] execution became commercially available, APL programs ported with little extra effort spent re-optimizing low-level details.

==Terminology==
APL makes a clear distinction between ''functions'' and ''operators''. Functions take values (variables or constants or expressions) as arguments, and return values as results. Operators take functions as arguments, and return related, derived functions as results. For example the "sum" function is derived by applying the "reduction" operator to the "addition" function. Applying the same reduction operator to the "ceiling" function (which returns the larger of two values) creates a derived "maximum" function, which returns the largest of a group (vector) of values. In the J language, Iverson substituted the terms 'verb' and 'adverb' for 'function' and 'operator'.

APL also identifies those features built into the language, and represented by a symbol, or a fixed combination of symbols, as ''primitives''. Most primitives are either functions or operators. Coding APL is largely a process of writing non-primitive functions and (in some versions of APL) operators. However a few primitives are considered to be neither functions nor operators, most noticeably assignment.

==Character set==
APL has always been criticized for its choice of a unique, non-standard character set. The observation that some who learn it usually become ardent adherents shows that there is some weight behind [[Kenneth E. Iverson|Iverson]]'s idea that the notation used does make a difference. In the beginning, there were few terminal devices which could reproduce the APL character set — the most popular ones employing the [[IBM]] [[Selectric]] print mechanism along with a special APL type element. Over time, with the universal use of high-quality graphic display and printing devices, the APL character font problem has largely been eliminated; however, the problem of entering APL characters requires the use of [[input method editor]]s or special keyboard mappings, which may frustrate beginners accustomed to other languages. With the popularization of the [[Unicode]] standard, which contains the APL character set, the problem of obtaining the required fonts seems poised to go away.

From a user's standpoint, the additional characters can give APL a special elegance and concision not possible in other languages, using symbols visually mnemonic of the functions they represent.  Or it can lead to a ridiculous degree of complexity and unreadability, typically when the symbols are strung together into a single mass without any comments.  Or it can be unreasonably difficult and time consuming to enter then later edit those APL statements.

== APL symbols and keyboard layout==
Note the mnemonics associating an APL character with a letter: ''question mark'' on ''Q'', ''power'' on ''P'', ''rho'' on ''R'', ''base value'' on ''B'', ''eNcode'' on ''N'', ''modulus'' on ''M'' and so on. This makes it easier for an English-language speaker to type APL on a non-APL keyboard providing one has visual feedback on one's screen. Also, decals have been produced for attachment to standard keyboards, either on the front of the keys or on the top of them.
{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border:5px double grey;"  bgcolor="yellow" align="center" width=500
|- align="center" 
|colspan=1| ||colspan=2|¨<br>1 ||colspan=2|¯<br>2 ||colspan=2|&lt;<br>3 ||colspan=2|≤<br>4 ||colspan=2|=<br>5 ||colspan=2|≥<br>6 ||colspan=2|&gt;<br>7 ||colspan=2|≠<br>8 ||colspan=2|∨<br>9 ||colspan=2|∧<br>0 ||colspan=2|-<br>+ ||colspan=2|÷<br>× ||colspan=3| ␈
|- align="center"
|colspan=2|␉ ||colspan=2| ?<br>Q ||colspan=2|⍵<br>W ||colspan=2|ɛ<br>E ||colspan=2|⍴<br>R ||colspan=2|∼<br>T ||colspan=2|↑<br>Y ||colspan=2|↓<br>U ||colspan=2|̾<br>I ||colspan=2|○<br>O ||colspan=2|*<br>P ||colspan=2|←<br>→ || ||colspan=3 rowspan=2|␍
|- align="center"
|colspan=3|⇬ ||colspan=2|⍺ <br>A ||colspan=2|⌈<br>S ||colspan=2|⌊ <br>D ||colspan=2|_<br>F ||colspan=2| ∇<br>G  ||colspan=2|∆<br>H ||colspan=2| ∘<br>J ||colspan=2| '<br>K ||colspan=2|⎕<br>L ||colspan=2| (<br>&#x5b; ||colspan=2| )<br>] 
|- align="center"
|colspan=4|⇧ ||colspan=2| ⊂<br>Z ||colspan=2| ⊃<br>X ||colspan=2| ∩ <br>C ||colspan=2| ∪ <br>V ||colspan=2|⊥<br>B ||colspan=2| ⊤<br>N ||colspan=2|  &#x7c;<br>M ||colspan=2| ;<br>, ||colspan=2| :<br>. ||colspan=2| \<br>/ ||colspan=4| ⇧
|}

A more up to date keyboard diagram, applicable for APL2 and other modern implementations, is available:  [http://www.users.on.net/~farnik/upload/APL2union.gif Union layout for windows].

All APL symbols are present in [[Unicode]] (although some APL products may not yet feature this):

:{| class="Unicode" style="font-size:150%"
|- align=center
|' || ( || ) || + ||, || - || . || / || : || ; || &lt; || = || &gt; || ? || [ || ]
|- align=center
| \ || _ ||¨ || ¯ || × || ÷ || ← || ↑ || → || ↓ ||∆ || ∇ || ∘ || ∣ || ∧ || ∨
|- align=center
| ∩ || ∪ || ∼ || ≠ || ≤ || ≥ || ≬ || ⊂ || ⊃ || ⌈ ||⌊ || ⊤ || ⊥ || ⋆ || ⌶ || ⌷
|- align=center
| ⌸ || ⌹ || ⌺ || ⌻ || ⌼ || ⌽ || ⌾ || ⌿ || ⍀ || ⍁ || ⍂||⍃ || ⍄ || ⍅ || ⍆ || ⍇
|- align=center
| ⍈ || ⍉ || ⍊ || ⍋ || ⍌ || ⍍ || ⍎ || ⍏ || ⍐ || ⍑ || ⍒ ||⍓ || ⍔ || ⍕ || ⍖ || ⍗
|- align=center
| ⍘ || ⍙ || ⍚ || ⍛ || ⍜ || ⍝ || ⍞ || ⍟ || ⍠ || ⍡ || ⍢ ||⍣ || ⍤ || ⍥ || ⍦ || ⍧
|- align=center
| ⍨ || ⍩ || ⍪ || ⍫ || ⍬ || ⍭ || ⍮ || ⍯ || ⍰ || ⍱ || ⍲ ||⍳ || ⍴ || ⍵ || ⍶ || ⍷
|-align=center
| ⍸ || ⍹ || ⍺ || ⎕ || ○
|}

Additional APL characters were available by ''overstriking'' one character over another.  For example, the ''log'' symbol was formed by overstriking shift-''P'' with shift-''O''.  This complicated correcting mistakes and editing program lines.  This may have ultimately been the reason for early APL programs to have a certain dense style - they were difficult to edit.

Later IBM terminals, notably the [[IBM 3270]] display stations, had an alternate keyboard arrangement which is the basis for some of the modern APL keyboard layouts in use today.  Better terminals, namely display devices instead of printers, encouraged the development of better full screen editors, which had a measurable improvement in productivity and program readability.

===Lihat juga ===
*[http://www.vector.org.uk/resource/simp2.htm APL Unicode Font – Extended], a free font containing all the Unicode glyphs for the APL function symbols.
*[[APL function symbols]] for a list of built-in monadic and dyadic functions and their Unicode representation.
*[[IBM]] [[3270]] [[Computer keyboard|Keyboard]] layout for '''APL'''[http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/pcomhelp/v5r9/topic/com.ibm.pcomm.doc/reference/html/kbd_reference05.htm#FIGTYPE1]

==Kegunaan==
APL telah lama mempunyai tapak pengguna yang sedikit tetapi setia. Ia masih popular bagi applikasi insuran dan kewangan, bagi simulasi, dan applikasi mathematik, seringkali penyelesaian dalam bahasa piwaian memerlukan kerumitan melampau. APL telah digunakan bagi pelbagai konteks yang luas dan bagi pelbagai tujuan. Minat bagi APL semakin merosot semenjak 1980-an. Ini sebahagiannya disebabkan ketiadaan laluan pemindahan daripada komputer kerangka utama kepada komputer persendirian kos rendah yang ada dan kemunculan peralatan mengira pengguna seperti [[Microsoft Excel]] dan [[Microsoft Access]]. Ramai pengguna APL berpindah kepada [[bahasa pengaturcaraan J]], yang menawarkan ciri-ciri lebih maju. Akhir sekali, kemerosotan juga disebabkan perkembangan [[MATLAB]], pelantar berorentasi-interaksi bagi pengiraan saintifik, yang dalam banyak cara serupa dengan APL, membenarkan pembangunan interaksi seperti APL, dan menggunakan ASCII piawai.

==Piawaian==
APL telah dipiawai menurut kumpulan kerja ‘’American National Standards Institute’’ – (‘’ANSI’’) X3J10 dan ‘’International Organization for Standardization’’ - ISO/’’International Electrotechnical Commission – IEC’’ Joint Technical Committee 1 Subcommittee 22 Working Group 3. Bahasa Tersa APL ditetapkan dalam ISO 8485:1989, dan bahasa Tambahan APL ditetapkan dalam ISO/IEC 13751:2001.

==Quotes==
* "APL, in which you can write a program to simulate shuffling a deck of cards and then dealing them out to several players in four characters, none of which appear on a standard keyboard." [[David Given]]
: It should be noted that the quote above is not literally true. All APL algorithms that shuffle a deck of cards involve the expression '''52?52''' to generate the numbers from 1 through 52 in random order. That's more than four characters right there, and the question mark symbol does appear on standard keyboards.
* "APL is a mistake, carried through to perfection. It is the language of the future for the programming techniques of the past: it creates a new generation of coding bums." [[Edsger Dijkstra]], [[1968]]
: It should also be noted that Dijkstra was speaking at a dinner party, and that Dijkstra was a leading proponent of "structured programming", a construct which did not exist in APL at the time. One of the basic principles of structured programming was that GOTOs were considered harmful and should be avoided; APL, on the other hand, had no control structures except the GOTO in the early years.

* APL, a song to the tune of "[[Row, Row, Row Your Boat|Row, row, row your boat]]". (on a part of [[Richard Stallman]]'s personal webpage entitled '[[Doggerel]]'[http://www.stallman.org/doggerel.html])
:''Rho, rho, rho of X''
:''Always equals 1.''
:''Rho is dimension; rho rho, rank.''
:''APL is fun!''
* "This way of doing business was so productive that it spread like wildfire. By the time the practical people found out what had happened; APL was so important a part of how IBM ran its business that it could not possibly be uprooted. The wild-eyed researchers had produced a moneymaker." [[Micheal S. Montalbano]] [[1982]] (see [http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/APL-hist.html A Personal History of APL])
* The following amusing rhyme has been circulated as part of the ''[[Fortune (Unix)|fortune]]'' program in numerous UNIX installations.
:'''Tis the dream of each programmer''
:''Before his life is done,''
:''To write three lines of APL''
:''And make the damn thing run.''
-->
== Lihat juga ==
* [[Anugerah Iverson]]
* [[Bahasa pengaturcaraan J]], pengganti APL oleh [[Kenneth E. Iverson]] dan [[Roger Hui]]
* [[Bahasa pengaturcaraan K]], pengganti alternatif APL oleh [[Arthur Whitney]]
* [[IBM 1130]]: APL \ 1130 merupakan pelaksanaan APL (1968) yang awal untuk IBM 1130
* [[I. P. Sharp dan Rakan-rakan]]
* [[Nial]]
* [[Pemboleh Ubah Kongsi]]
* [[Perbadanan Pengongsian Masa Saintifik]] (STSC), syarikat yang ditubuhkan untuk memperdagangkan APL
* [[Produk Jenis-III]]

== Rujukan ==
<references/>
* [[Kenneth E. Iverson|Iverson, Kenneth E.]] - <cite>A Programming Language</cite>, Wiley 1962.
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/032/falkoff.pdf Huraian SISTEM/360'' yang formal] – Jurnal Sistem-sistem IBM 3:3, New York: 1964
* Pakin, Sandra - <cite>APL\360 Reference Manual</cite>, Science Research Associates, Inc. 1968. ISBN 0-574-16135-X,
* ''[[History of Programming Languages]]'', bab 14
* Gerald Jean Francis Banon - <cite>Bases da Computacao Grafica</cite>, Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1989. 141 hlm.

== Pautan luar ==
'''Organisasi dan Vendor:'''
* [http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/apl/ Laman web IBM: IBM APL2]
* [http://www.dyalog.com/ Laman web ''Dyalog:'' APL]
* [http://www.apl2000.com/ Laman web ''APL2000'']
* [http://www.aplnext.com/ Laman web ''APLNext:'' APL untuk .Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209221743/http://www.aplnext.com/ |date=2009-02-09 }}
* [http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/index.html Laman web rasmi ''MicroAPL'']
* [http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigapl/ Laman web ''SIGAPL'']
* [http://www.vector.org.uk/ Laman web ''Vector''] – jurnal Persatuan APL British
* [http://aplwiki.aplteam.com Laman web ''Wiki APL''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829191646/http://aplwiki.aplteam.com/ |date=2010-08-29 }}

'''Bahasa dan loghat berkait:'''
* [http://www.jsoftware.com/ Laman web ''Jsoftware''] – J ialah bahasa tatasusunan Iverson yang lebih baru dan yang menggunakan fon ASCII yang piawai
* [http://www.aplusdev.org/ Laman web ''Aplusdev''] – A+ ialah sebuah pelaksanaan [[sumber terbuka]] yang mempunyai banyak ciri yang serupa dengan APL
* [http://www.kx.com Laman web KX] – kdb+ yang digunakan untuk pangkalan data hubungan yang berprestasi tinggi
* [[NumPy]] ialah sebuah pakej Python untuk pengaturcaraan tatasusunan dan saintifik
* [http://www.simmunity.com/ Laman web ''Simmunity''] – bahasa pengaturcaraan terkompil berasaskan APL yang direka bentuk untuk aplikasi-aplikasi kerjasama internet

'''Pengkompil:'''
* [http://www.apl2c.de/home/ Laman web ''APL2C:'' Pengkompil]
* [http://www.snakeisland.com/ Laman web ''Penyelidikan Snake Island'': Kompilasi APL]
* [http://www.causeway.co.uk/products/apl2cs/index.htm Laman web ''Causeway:'' Penterjemah APL ke C#] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607192740/http://www.causeway.co.uk/products/apl2cs/index.htm |date=2007-06-07 }}

'''Sejarah:'''
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/032/falkoff.pdf ''Sebuah huraian formal tentang SISTEM/360''] (rencana 1964 oleh Adin D. Falkoff, Kenneth E. Iverson, dan Edward H. Sussenguth)
* [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/slacreports/slac-r-114.html ''Sebuah Mesin APL''] (tesis kedoktoran Stanford 1970 oleh Philip Abrams)
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/174/ibmrd1704F.pdf ''Reka Bentuk APL''] (rencana 1973 oleh Adin D. Falkoff dan [[Kenneth E. Iverson]])
* [http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/APL-hist.html Sejarah Peribadi APL] (rencana 1982 oleh Micheal S. Montalbano)
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/304/ibmsj3004C.pdf ''Keluarga Sistem APL IBM] (rencana 1991 oleh Adin D. Falkoff)
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/304/ibmsj3004O.pdf ''Sebuah pandangan peribadi tentang APL''] (rencana 1991 oleh Kenneth E. Iverson)

'''Aplikasi:'''
* [http://www.fscript.org/documentation/OOPAL.pdf OOPAL: Mengintegrasikan Pengaturcaraan Tatasusunan ke dalam Pengaturcaraan Berorientasi Objek]
* [http://www.dyalog.dk/whatsnew/OO4APLERS.pdf Pengenalan APL Berorientasi Objek]
* [http://www.espenhaug.com/black_scholes.html Pembandingan model penentuan harga opsyen Black-Scholes] – dalam banyak bahasa, termasuk APL
* [http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470030208.html Pembangunan sistem APL + Win]

'''Pandangan peribadi :'''
* [http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/APL.html Oleh Brad McCormick] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506041102/http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/APL.html |date=2007-05-06 }}
* [http://www.rexswain.com/aplinfo.html Oleh Rex Swain]
* [http://www.lescasse.com Oleh Eric Lescasse]
* [http://home.earthlink.net/~swsirlin/apl.faq.html Laman web ''Earthlink''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227044239/http://home.earthlink.net/~swsirlin/apl.faq.html |date=2005-12-27 }} – senarai [[Soalan Lazim]] serta pautan ke versi-versi pengkompil Budd (oleh Sam Sirlin)

{{more}}

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